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Complete Physics Practice Paper Collection
X-ray physics
X-ray machine
What are the main components of an X-ray machine?
What is the function of the cathode in an X-ray tube?
What is thermionic emission?
What is the function of the anode in an X-ray tube?
What is the line focus principle?
What is focal spot size and why does it matter?
What is the anode heel effect?
What limits X-ray tube output?
Production of X-rays
How are X-rays produced in an X-ray tube?
What is Bremsstrahlung radiation?
What is characteristic radiation?
What determines the maximum photon energy in an X-ray beam?
What determines X-ray production efficiency?
Why is most electron energy converted to heat rather than X-rays?
What factors influence X-ray output?
What is tube voltage ripple and why does it matter?
X-ray beam geometry
What is source-to-image distance (SID)?
What is object-to-image distance (OID)?
What is magnification in radiography?
What determines magnification in X-ray imaging?
What is geometric unsharpness?
Why does focal spot size affect image sharpness?
Why does increasing SID improve spatial resolution?
X-ray spectrum
What is the X-ray spectrum?
What determines X-ray beam intensity?
What determines X-ray beam quality?
What is beam filtration?
What is the half-value layer (HVL)?
What factors affect the X-ray spectrum?
Why does increasing kVp reduce image contrast?
Interaction of X-rays with matter
What happens when X-rays interact with matter?
What is attenuation of X-rays?
What is the linear attenuation coefficient?
What is the photoelectric effect?
What is Compton scattering?
What determines whether photoelectric absorption or Compton scattering occurs?
What is coherent (Rayleigh) scattering?
What factors affect X-ray attenuation?
Why do bones appear white on X-rays?
X-ray detection and image formation
How are X-rays converted into a radiographic image?
What is the difference between direct and indirect digital radiography?
What is a scintillator?
What is a photoconductor?
What is detective quantum efficiency (DQE)?
What is signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in radiography?
What is quantum noise (quantum mottle)?
What determines image contrast in digital radiography?
What is spatial resolution in radiography?
Image quality
What determines spatial resolution in radiography?
Why does focal spot size affect image sharpness?
What is geometric unsharpness?
Why does increasing source–image distance (SID) improve spatial resolution?
Radiation safety
Fluoroscopy
Mammography
Digital subtraction angiography
Nuclear Medicine Physics
Nuclear stability
What determines nuclear stability?
What is the band of stability?
What is nuclear binding energy?
What is binding energy per nucleon and why is it important?
What is mass defect and how does it relate to E = mc2?
Modes of radioactive decay
What is radioactive decay?
What is beta minus (β⁻) decay?
What is beta plus (β⁺) decay?
What is electron capture?
What is isomeric transition?
What is alpha decay?
Radioactive decay kinetics and activity
What is physical half-life?
What is biological half-life?
What is effective half-life?
What is radioactive activity and how is it measured?
Radionuclide production
What is radionuclide production in nuclear medicine?
How are radionuclides produced in a nuclear reactor?
How are radionuclides produced in a cyclotron?
What is a radionuclide generator?
How does a Tc-99m generator work?
What is transient and secular equilibrium in radionuclide generators?
Why is Tc-99m ideal for radionuclide imaging?
What is radionuclidic purity?
What is radiochemical purity?
What is specific activity in nuclear medicine?
What is aluminium breakthrough in a Tc-99m generator?
What is molybdenum breakthrough in a Tc-99m generator?
Radiopharmaceuticals
What is a radiopharmaceutical?
What determines biodistribution of a radiopharmaceutical?
What is the difference between carrier-added and no-carrier-added radionuclides?
What is labelling efficiency in nuclear medicine?
What is chelation in nuclear medicine?
What determines organ uptake of a radiopharmaceutical?
What is physical half-life?
What is biological half-life?
What is effective half-life?
What is target-to-background ratio in nuclear medicine?
What is receptor imaging in nuclear medicine?
Why is Tc-99m ideal for radionuclide imaging?
Gamma camera systems
What is a gamma camera?
What is a collimator in nuclear medicine?
What determines spatial resolution in gamma camera imaging?
What determines sensitivity in gamma camera imaging?
What is the resolution–sensitivity trade-off in gamma camera imaging?
What is intrinsic and extrinsic spatial resolution in gamma camera imaging?
What is intrinsic and extrinsic uniformity in gamma camera imaging?
What is energy windowing and why is it used in gamma camera imaging?
Why is Tc-99m ideal for radionuclide imaging?
Count statistics and detector physics
What is the Poisson distribution in nuclear medicine?
Why is noise proportional to √N in nuclear medicine imaging?
What determines signal-to-noise ratio in radionuclide imaging?
Why does increasing acquisition time improve image quality?
What is count rate in nuclear medicine?
What is dead time in radiation detectors?
What is the difference between paralyzable and non-paralyzable dead time?
What is detector efficiency in nuclear medicine?
What is energy resolution in nuclear medicine?
SPECT imaging
What is SPECT imaging?
How does SPECT differ from planar imaging?
How is data acquired in SPECT?
What is filtered back projection in SPECT?
What is iterative reconstruction in SPECT?
What is attenuation correction in SPECT?
What is centre-of-rotation (COR) and why is it important in SPECT?
PET imaging
What is PET imaging?
How does PET differ from SPECT?
What happens during positron annihilation?
What is coincidence detection in PET?
Why does PET not require a collimator?
What is time-of-flight (TOF) PET?
What determines spatial resolution in PET?
What limits spatial resolution in PET?
What is attenuation correction in PET?
What is PET reconstruction?
Image quality in radionuclide imaging
What determines image quality in radionuclide imaging?
What is spatial resolution versus contrast resolution in radionuclide imaging?
What determines contrast resolution in SPECT and PET?
What determines spatial resolution in SPECT and PET?
What is the partial volume effect in SPECT and PET?
What is recovery coefficient in PET?
What determines quantitative accuracy in PET?
What is SUV and what affects it?
What is scatter correction and why is it needed in PET and SPECT?
Radiation dose and safety
What determines radiation dose in nuclear medicine?
What is absorbed dose in nuclear medicine?
What is effective dose and why is it used?
What is the difference between absorbed dose and effective dose?
How is radiation dose calculated in nuclear medicine (MIRD schema)?
What is cumulated activity and why does it matter?
How does effective half-life influence radiation dose?
What is the difference between deterministic and stochastic effects?
What is the radiation risk from diagnostic nuclear medicine?
How is radiation exposure minimised in nuclear medicine?
Quality control
What is quality control in nuclear medicine and why is it important?
What quality control tests are performed on a gamma camera?
What is uniformity testing in gamma cameras?
What is energy window calibration and why is it important?
What is spatial resolution testing in nuclear medicine?
What is centre of rotation correction in SPECT?
What quality control tests are required for PET scanners?
What quality control tests are required for radiopharmaceuticals?
What is a dose calibrator and how is it quality controlled?
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Complete Physics Practice Paper Collection
X-ray physics
X-ray machine
What are the main components of an X-ray machine?
What is the function of the cathode in an X-ray tube?
What is thermionic emission?
What is the function of the anode in an X-ray tube?
What is the line focus principle?
What is focal spot size and why does it matter?
What is the anode heel effect?
What limits X-ray tube output?
Production of X-rays
How are X-rays produced in an X-ray tube?
What is Bremsstrahlung radiation?
What is characteristic radiation?
What determines the maximum photon energy in an X-ray beam?
What determines X-ray production efficiency?
Why is most electron energy converted to heat rather than X-rays?
What factors influence X-ray output?
What is tube voltage ripple and why does it matter?
X-ray beam geometry
What is source-to-image distance (SID)?
What is object-to-image distance (OID)?
What is magnification in radiography?
What determines magnification in X-ray imaging?
What is geometric unsharpness?
Why does focal spot size affect image sharpness?
Why does increasing SID improve spatial resolution?
X-ray spectrum
What is the X-ray spectrum?
What determines X-ray beam intensity?
What determines X-ray beam quality?
What is beam filtration?
What is the half-value layer (HVL)?
What factors affect the X-ray spectrum?
Why does increasing kVp reduce image contrast?
Interaction of X-rays with matter
What happens when X-rays interact with matter?
What is attenuation of X-rays?
What is the linear attenuation coefficient?
What is the photoelectric effect?
What is Compton scattering?
What determines whether photoelectric absorption or Compton scattering occurs?
What is coherent (Rayleigh) scattering?
What factors affect X-ray attenuation?
Why do bones appear white on X-rays?
X-ray detection and image formation
How are X-rays converted into a radiographic image?
What is the difference between direct and indirect digital radiography?
What is a scintillator?
What is a photoconductor?
What is detective quantum efficiency (DQE)?
What is signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in radiography?
What is quantum noise (quantum mottle)?
What determines image contrast in digital radiography?
What is spatial resolution in radiography?
Image quality
What determines spatial resolution in radiography?
Why does focal spot size affect image sharpness?
What is geometric unsharpness?
Why does increasing source–image distance (SID) improve spatial resolution?
Radiation safety
Fluoroscopy
Mammography
Digital subtraction angiography
Nuclear Medicine Physics
Nuclear stability
What determines nuclear stability?
What is the band of stability?
What is nuclear binding energy?
What is binding energy per nucleon and why is it important?
What is mass defect and how does it relate to E = mc2?
Modes of radioactive decay
What is radioactive decay?
What is beta minus (β⁻) decay?
What is beta plus (β⁺) decay?
What is electron capture?
What is isomeric transition?
What is alpha decay?
Radioactive decay kinetics and activity
What is physical half-life?
What is biological half-life?
What is effective half-life?
What is radioactive activity and how is it measured?
Radionuclide production
What is radionuclide production in nuclear medicine?
How are radionuclides produced in a nuclear reactor?
How are radionuclides produced in a cyclotron?
What is a radionuclide generator?
How does a Tc-99m generator work?
What is transient and secular equilibrium in radionuclide generators?
Why is Tc-99m ideal for radionuclide imaging?
What is radionuclidic purity?
What is radiochemical purity?
What is specific activity in nuclear medicine?
What is aluminium breakthrough in a Tc-99m generator?
What is molybdenum breakthrough in a Tc-99m generator?
Radiopharmaceuticals
What is a radiopharmaceutical?
What determines biodistribution of a radiopharmaceutical?
What is the difference between carrier-added and no-carrier-added radionuclides?
What is labelling efficiency in nuclear medicine?
What is chelation in nuclear medicine?
What determines organ uptake of a radiopharmaceutical?
What is physical half-life?
What is biological half-life?
What is effective half-life?
What is target-to-background ratio in nuclear medicine?
What is receptor imaging in nuclear medicine?
Why is Tc-99m ideal for radionuclide imaging?
Gamma camera systems
What is a gamma camera?
What is a collimator in nuclear medicine?
What determines spatial resolution in gamma camera imaging?
What determines sensitivity in gamma camera imaging?
What is the resolution–sensitivity trade-off in gamma camera imaging?
What is intrinsic and extrinsic spatial resolution in gamma camera imaging?
What is intrinsic and extrinsic uniformity in gamma camera imaging?
What is energy windowing and why is it used in gamma camera imaging?
Why is Tc-99m ideal for radionuclide imaging?
Count statistics and detector physics
What is the Poisson distribution in nuclear medicine?
Why is noise proportional to √N in nuclear medicine imaging?
What determines signal-to-noise ratio in radionuclide imaging?
Why does increasing acquisition time improve image quality?
What is count rate in nuclear medicine?
What is dead time in radiation detectors?
What is the difference between paralyzable and non-paralyzable dead time?
What is detector efficiency in nuclear medicine?
What is energy resolution in nuclear medicine?
SPECT imaging
What is SPECT imaging?
How does SPECT differ from planar imaging?
How is data acquired in SPECT?
What is filtered back projection in SPECT?
What is iterative reconstruction in SPECT?
What is attenuation correction in SPECT?
What is centre-of-rotation (COR) and why is it important in SPECT?
PET imaging
What is PET imaging?
How does PET differ from SPECT?
What happens during positron annihilation?
What is coincidence detection in PET?
Why does PET not require a collimator?
What is time-of-flight (TOF) PET?
What determines spatial resolution in PET?
What limits spatial resolution in PET?
What is attenuation correction in PET?
What is PET reconstruction?
Image quality in radionuclide imaging
What determines image quality in radionuclide imaging?
What is spatial resolution versus contrast resolution in radionuclide imaging?
What determines contrast resolution in SPECT and PET?
What determines spatial resolution in SPECT and PET?
What is the partial volume effect in SPECT and PET?
What is recovery coefficient in PET?
What determines quantitative accuracy in PET?
What is SUV and what affects it?
What is scatter correction and why is it needed in PET and SPECT?
Radiation dose and safety
What determines radiation dose in nuclear medicine?
What is absorbed dose in nuclear medicine?
What is effective dose and why is it used?
What is the difference between absorbed dose and effective dose?
How is radiation dose calculated in nuclear medicine (MIRD schema)?
What is cumulated activity and why does it matter?
How does effective half-life influence radiation dose?
What is the difference between deterministic and stochastic effects?
What is the radiation risk from diagnostic nuclear medicine?
How is radiation exposure minimised in nuclear medicine?
Quality control
What is quality control in nuclear medicine and why is it important?
What quality control tests are performed on a gamma camera?
What is uniformity testing in gamma cameras?
What is energy window calibration and why is it important?
What is spatial resolution testing in nuclear medicine?
What is centre of rotation correction in SPECT?
What quality control tests are required for PET scanners?
What quality control tests are required for radiopharmaceuticals?
What is a dose calibrator and how is it quality controlled?
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